A conceptually simple passive component is used to combine or split DC and RF signals; however, its implementation has many subtleties. The RF world, operating at hundreds of megahertz and into the gigahertz range, is known for having many unusual components. Some are unique to that higher-frequency world, while others appear at lower frequencies but…
How 5G network slicing works: part 2
Network slicing, which makes private networks possible, provides enterprises with dedicated network resources. It works by interacting with a set of network functions. Part 1 of this series covered how 5G network slicing enables operators to deploy, modify, and scale customized virtual networks, along with key slicing techniques and connectivity models. Part two discusses the…
Overcome Open RAN test and certification challenges
LaaS Testing can streamline deployment and enhance efficiency for reliable Open RAN The race to build 5G networks has gone on for several years, extending coverage and providing access to advanced services. Initiatives such as Open RAN make for high-performing, robust, and agile mobile infrastructures that are in the interest of consumers and businesses, as…
OFC 2025: Interoperability demos
The Ethernet Alliance and Optical Internetworking Forum featured interoperability demonstrations at data rates up to 800 Gbps. San Francisco — With so many companies and products comprising the optical networking ecosystem, interoperability is paramount. All those semiconductors, optical modules, switches, routers, servers, test equipment, and the software that makes them function must first provide their…
How 5G network slicing works: part 1
Network slicing, which makes private networks possible, provides enterprises with dedicated network resources. It works by interacting with a set of network functions. The 3GPP defines network slicing as a core 5G feature. It partitions a single physical network into multiple virtual network slices. Each slice operates as an independent end-to-end network optimized for specific applications and services. This…
How does mobile edge computing work?
Mobile edge computing (MEC), also called multi-access edge computing or simply multi-access computing, is part of the confluence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile devices. MEC doesn’t mean processing data on mobile devices. MEC simply processes data closer to its origin. Instead of sending data to the cloud, MEC utilizes edge computing resources…
How does a 5G core work?
A 5G core (5GC) provides the central control and management for a 5G network. It roughly corresponds with the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) that supports converged voice and data services on a 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network. The 4G EPC is a flat architecture using point-to-point connectivity and is limited in scalability. The 5GC is…
What is the 5G protocol stack?
The 5G protocol stack is the architecture of protocols within a 5G network that perform specific functions like managing data transmission, error correction, and resource allocation. It exists as two separate elements: the control plane (CP) and the user plane (UP). It’s more complex than the 4G protocol stack due to the numerous advanced features…
FAQ on the Butler matrix for beamforming: part 2
This passive beamforming topology is not well known but is widely used – a common situation in the RF world. Part 1 was an introduction to the electronic steering of an antenna beam and the Butler matrix; this part continues the investigation. Q: The Butler passive arrangement seems simpler; why not use it in all…
DSL router uses parts from old phones
A consortium of companies found a clever way to recycle phone parts, showing how reusing electronics can improve sustainability. Electronic waste is a huge environmental problem of which disposed cell phones are a major contributor. Think about it, all that metal, plastic, and working semiconductors go into landfills. Some materials, such as gold from PCB…